The blaze broke out in an upstairs bedroom of the property, on Chapel Road, last night.
Crews from Kings Lynn, including an aerial ladder platform, attended the scene, along with crews from West Walton and Wisbech.
Firefighters used breathing apparatus, hose reel jets and a fan to ventilate smoke from the property.
A man, a woman and two children escaped from the two-storey property before firefighters arrived.
An ambulance spokesman said: 'We were called at just before 11.30pm last night to Chapel Road, Terrington St Clement, to a report of four people with smoke inhalation. Two ambulance crews, an ambulance officer and hazardous area response Team attended.
'One patient was taken to Queen Elizabeth Hospital for further treatment. Three patients were treated at the scene, but were not taken to hospital.'
Neighbours said the alarm was raised just after 11pm. One said: 'We could hear noise but we wouldn't quite hear what it was.
'Then they banged on the door and said the house was on fire and told us to get out, they said they'd called the fire brigade.
'We had three fire engines, ambulance, police. One went to hospital, the others were put up in a hotel.'
Another said: 'It started in the bedroom, the whole upstairs was completely destroyed.' The woman and two children are believed to have only recently moved into the 1920s former council house.
Fire crews remained at the house until 3am and one crew from Terrington returned this morning to check the property.
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